A Novel Deep Learning-based Whale Optimization Algorithm for Prediction of Breast Cancer

HIGHLIGHTS Novel whale optimization algorithm is proposed for prediction of breast cancer. Deep learning-based WOA adjusts the CNN structure as per maximum detection accuracy. Proposed method achieves 92.4% accuracy in comparison to 90.3%. Validity of method is evaluated with magnifying factors like 40x, 100 x, 200x, 400x.

Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women that cause billions of deaths worldwide. Identification of breast cancer often depends on the examination of digital biomedical photography such as the histopathological images of various health professionals, and clinicians. Analyzing histopathological images is a unique task and always requires special knowledge to conclude investigating these types of images. In this paper, a novel efficient technique has been proposed for the detection and prediction of breast cancer at its early stage. Initially, the dataset of images is used to carry out the pre-processing phase, which helps to transform a human pictorial image into a computer photographic image and adjust the parameters appropriate to the Convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier. Afterward, all the transformed images are assigned to the CNN classifier for the training process. CNN classifies incoming breast cancer clinical images as malignant and benign without prior information about the occurrence of cancer. For parameter optimization of CNN, a deep learning-based whale optimization algorithm (WOA) has been proposed which proficiently and automatically adjusts the CNN network structure by maximizing the detection accuracy. We have also compared the obtained accuracy of the proposed algorithm with a standard CNN and other existing classifiers and it is found that the proposed algorithm supersedes the other existing algorithms.

Effectiveness of two psychological intervention techniques for de-addiction among patients with addiction to tobacco and alcohol – A double-blind randomized control trial

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of two psychological intervention techniques (reading – writing therapy vs. games – narrative therapy) using motivational intervention alone as a control among tobacco addicts. Materials and Method: This randomized control trial was conducted over a period of 6 months from April to September 2013 at a de-addiction center in Madhya Pradesh, India. Patients with moderate-to-high levels of dependence as determined by Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) admitted for treatment in a de-addiction center were recruited. A cluster randomization technique was used for allocation of participants to three different groups. Group allocation was concealed from investigator and done by coordinator. Three interventions were group A – motivational intervention alone, group B – games and story therapy along with motivational intervention, and group C – reading and writing therapy along with motivational intervention. Interventions were applied for 1 month. Two postintervention follow-ups (one at the time of discharge and one after 1 month following discharge) were done to assess level of dependence using FTND besides undertaking urine cotinine analysis among three randomly selected participants in each group. Results: A total of 82 participants (28 in group A, 27 each in groups B and C) completed the study. Eighty-one (98.8%) participants had complete abstinence at the end of 1 month with no significant difference in the success rate between different categories (P = 0.357). At the end of 1 month following discharge from center, only 7 participants (8.5%) had complete abstinence and 51 participants (62.2%) had partial reduction and remaining 24 participants (29.3%) were considered failures with no difference between three groups (P = 0.768). Conclusion: Although overall abstinence was low (8.5%), all intervention techniques were equally effective in at least reducing level of dependence with no significant difference in their efficacy.

Transient cell function disruption by low dose acute exposure of ionizing radiation.

Incubation of BMG-1 cells with thallium chloride (201Tl) in the range of diagnostic dose did not show a smooth uptake curve and appeared to have an unsuspected deviation in initial phase. In the present study this unexpected phenomenon was explored, using commonly used radionuclides (viz., 201Tl and 131I). Comparison was made with technetium-99m pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) and technetium-99m labeled methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) that are known to show conventional 2 phase graph representing inflow and outflow segments. Serial in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo gamma scintigraphy as well as NMR spectroscopy experiments were conducted to corroborate the results. BMG-1 cells demonstrated a four-phase uptake pattern with 201Tl as compared to a conventional biphasic pattern with 99mTc-MIBI. Flow cytometry data however did not reveal any 201Tl induced cell injury. Further, mice tissue extracts injected with 201Tl also showed a transient depression in its uptake. Scintigraphy experiments in rabbits administered with diagnostic dose of 201Tl and 131I confirmed the in vitro and ex vivo findings. Further, proton NMR spectroscopy showed decrease in the level of choline at 3 h and 24 h in 201Tl treated animals as compared to control. Phosphoethanolamine peak firstly decreased at 3 h but reached normal level at 24 h time point. No significant change was observed in the level of betaine. This transient reduction in internalization of 201Tl and 131I may represent a hitherto unknown acute effect of low dose radiation, i.e., transient depression in Na+-K+ ATPase pump activity without any apparent evidence of cell damage, representing a transient cell membrane dysfunction. The phenomenon may present a mechanistical explanation of ‘thyroid stunning’ at cellular level and suggest that it may be more universal in nature than suspected till now.

Non-invasive assessment of oxidative capacity in young Indian men and women: a 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

It is generally assumed that men display greater strength and muscle capacity than women. However, previous biochemical and histological studies have shown that men have greater capacity for anaerobic metabolism and women have higher or similar oxidative metabolism. Therefore, in the present study, we estimated oxidative capacity of gastrocnemius muscle and compared in Indian men and women using non-invasive in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Healthy subjects (8 young males and 9 females, age-matched) performed plantar flexion exercise within a magnet and MRS measurements of inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr), ADP, and pH of the calf muscles were carried out using a 1.5 T whole-body MRI system. PCr values during recovery were fitted to an exponential curve, and oxidative capacity was calculated using rate constant (k(PCr)), as an index of oxidative phosphorylation. When men and women were compared for different metabolic ratios, ADP, pH, k(PCr) and oxidative capacity, all parameters turned out to be statistically insignificant. The results showed no gender effect on skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. The study demonstrated the usefulness of such non-invasive method to indirectly measure the oxidative capacity of the muscle based on PCr recovery.